Library Biology 2015

multiregional hypothesis / replacement hypothesis ("Out of Africa") (5) (This is really, really old stuff but it gives you an interesting idea of how these theories are developed and compete)

Quiz, pp. 702 -- 715

1. What are the characteristics of mammals?

2. Sketch table 34.1 (page 705).

Day 73, pp. 691 -- 701

tetrapods (6)

buccal pumping (1)

more, good one (3)

bird respiration (3)

bird and reptile respiration (5)

Acanthostega (15)

Carboniferous amphibians (8)

salamanders (5)

giant salamander (2)

frogs -- could spend years on frog videos -- frog (3), frog (3), frog (3)

caecilians (3)

extra-amniotic membranes (2)

tuatara (2)

reptiles (2)

ectotherm / endotherm (5)

dinosaurs and pterosaurs (3)

dinosaur extinction

surviving dinosaur? (3)

testudines (stuffed) (3)

So many turtle and tortoise videos. . . . .

squamata (3)

crocodilia (7)

birds (3)

theropods (2)

archaeopteryx (3) (lifted from probably a BBC video)

ratites (3)

passeriformes (6)

Quiz, pp. 691 -- 701

1. Define tetrapod.

2. Define amphibian.

3. Define amniotes.

4. Sketch figure 34.20

5. List several characteristics of reptiles.

6. What are the four groups of reptiles, in common language?

7. List several characteristics of birds.

Wednesday, February 23, 2022

Day 72, pp. 678 -- 690

notochord (1)

phyryngeal slits (1)

gas exchange (dissection) (3)

tunicates (5)

lancelet, Tampa Bay, Florida (2)

lancelet (5)

Bozeman on animals (9)

jaws (4) (not sure the credentials of this channel, but it seems accurate enough)

amniotic egg (5)

lamprey (3)

hagfishes (3)

lamprey (10)

ostracoderms (skim)

conodonts (3)

conodonts (1)

placoderms (dunkleosteus)(don't miss the very end) (3)

extra -- the bloop

chondrichthyes

sharks

extra

ovovivipaous, viviparous, oviparous (4)

bony fishes (6)

swim bladder (4)

lungfishes (3)

Quiz, pp. 678 --690

1. What four anatomical features characterize the phylum Chordata?

2. A few groups of chordates (the tunicates and lancelets) are i___________s, but most are v_______________.

3. Sketch the phylogeny of vertrebrates, figure 34.7, and make sure you understand what it means.

4. Chodrichthyes, sharks and rays, have skeletons of c_______________.

Sunday, December 26, 2021

Day 71, pp. 662 -- 677 (might be two days of videos)

insects -- pick at least two videos from these guys to watch

Quiz, pp. 662 -- 677

Copy table 33.5, page 664

Copy the order and example from table 33.6, pages 668 to 669

Copy the Category, Phyla, and the little pictures (keep them in the right place) for table 33.7, page 675

Day 70, pp. 646 -- 661

Choanoflagellates (closest to animals)

Porifera

sponges

Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

Radiata (grade, not phyla, with bilaterata)

Ctenophora (comb jellies)

Platyhelminthes

another (planaria)

Rotifera

Lophophorates, brachiopods (lampshells, not bivalves)

Quiz, pp. 646 -- 661

Draw a representative picture of each of these phyla of invertebrates:

Porifera

Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Annelida

Molusca

Arthropoda

Echinodermata

Day 69, pp. 633 -- 645

Bozeman

Quiz, pp. 633 -- 645

1. List five characteristics of animals from the list on pages 633/634.

2. Copy chart 32.8, page 640

If you are interested in the debates and developments in thinking about the Cambrian explosion, read pp. 643 -- 644

Day 68, pp. 616 -- 632 (long day because full, important chapter)

dodder (plant, not fungi, but with haustoria)

rust (haustorium)

Quiz, pp. 616 -- 632

1. Define;

exoenzymes

saprobic

hyphae

septa

chitin

coenocytic

haustoria

mycorrhizae

mutualism

asci

basidiocarps

mold

yeast

lichen

decomposer

symbiont

pathogen

mycosis

Day 67, pp. 585 -- 615

No quiz, reviewing the categories of land plants, broad review.

Bryophytes (7)

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms (6)

Angiosperms (5)

Extra

Saturday, December 25, 2021

Jumping back ahead now past the chapters we've already done, and it's a straight shot from here. Some days will cover a whole chapter, or even two. The default in schools and home school is that if you have a 1200 page book and you don't get to 200 pages it's always the last 200. That doesn't really make sense, it's just hard to avoid. But we're going to try.

Land plants (2)

plant evolution (9)

algae (6)

Bozeman (9)

Quiz, pp. 575 -- 584

1. Copy chart, page 577, memorize.

2. Define and give an example of:

bryophytes

pteridophytes

gymnosperms

angiosperms

3. What are charophyceans, and why do they matter in the evolution of plant life?

Keep in mind the idea of alternation of generations in some plants, we'll go into it more later.

Day 65, pp. 484 -- 504

plate tectonics (3)

fossil record (8)

phylogenies and clades (5)

mass extinctions (5)

dating (4)

Quiz, pp. 484 -- 504

1. Define:

the fossil record

plate tectonics

continental drift

clade

2. Explain how a fossil normally forms.

EC Name two kinds of fossils

3. Copy chart page 487.

4. Explain radiometric dating (carbon dating).

5. Explain the concept of a mass extinction.

6. Copy chart page 493.

Friday, December 24, 2021

Day 64, pp. 464 -- 484

Lots of detail in this chapter, goes beyond the standard explanation of plain Darwinian evolutionary theory and discusses new avenues and revisions, along with gene research to inform it.

evo devo (parent review)

evo-devo

Quiz, pp. 464 -- 484

Define:

evo-devo

species

macroevolution

Thursday, December 23, 2021

Day 63, pp. 453 -- 461

Variation (4)

speciation (12)

Diploid and haploid review (9)

Sexual dimorphism (18, you don't have to watch it all) (parent review, skip about 12 to 14 + minutes if you want to avoid the human stuff)

Another (10 minutes), optional

Quiz, pp. 453 -- 461

1. Define and give an example:

nonheritable difference within a population

polymorphism

cline

mutation

2. Are most mutations beneficial or harmful to the organism they show up in?

EC Evolutionary theory has adapted over the decades to posit that drift is a major component of evolutionary change, and mutation less important than we thought. Give me a reason why scientists might have refined the theory in this way.

3. Most eukaryotic cells are diploid; this means that in sexual recombination the r_________ and d_______ alleles can provide variation.

4. The effect of selection can be d______________, d_____________ or s__________________.

5. Sexual dimorphism is a distinction in appearance due to secondary sexual characteristics. It can lead to intrasexual selection, where an individual wins a competition with another organism of the same sex (e.g. antler battles) ; or it can lead to in_________ selection, where members of one sex choose the winner from the other (normally the f_________ organism selects a m______ mate for reproduction).

6. Evolution is a process, not a person; it doesn't "choose" winners and losers, organisms in a population survive in their niche to reproduce according to its rules. It can only work upon t________ that arise, can only play the hand its dealt.

Day 62, pp. 445 -- 452

Hardy-Weinberg (6 minutes)

Genetic Drift (5 minutes)

Good modern synthesis summary to read

This is interesting to watch a bit of, it includes on the panel David Gelerenter who wrote Mirror Worlds, which we read part of. Demonstrates the assertion in the book that theory needs constant challenge. Modern Synthesis is a result of this kind of inquiry. Speakers are associated with genetic design, if you find that problematic. Extra

The structure of scientific revolution, by Kuhn, on the process (4 minutes)

And this one (3 minutes)

Quiz, pp. 445 -- 452

1. It's very important to remember that individual organism do not evolve in their lifetimes. Explain what that means and why it is essential to understand.

2. Define these (use the glossary):

population genetics

modern synthesis

population

gene pool

3. Is the modern synthesis a definite and completed scientific fact? Why or why not?

4. Does random fertilization and the shuffling of alleles due to meiosis change the overall gene pool in a population? Why or why not?

5. N__________ s__________ requires genetic v____________; it cannot act in a g___________ly uniform p____________.

6. Hardy-Weinberg is fairly simple -- you won't see Darwinian e____________ in a p_____________ unless there is some force acting on it, like a source of mutation, intentional selective mating (like with dog breeds), or a lack of environmental pressures on survival in the niche.

7. A generation to generation change in a population's allele frequencies is called m_______________________. It can happen for one trait and not another.

8. What are the two main causes of microevolution?

9. What is genetic drift due to a drastic (and often sudden) reduction in population size called? It effects evolution because a number of alleles can be suddenly drastically underrepresented.

10. What is genetic drift that happens when a few individuals from a larger population colonize an isolated environmental niche called? Obviously, this reduces the frequency of alleles in the new population as it's made up of only a few individuals and their genetic pool.

11. A population might also gain or lose alleles due to g____ f_________, individuals coming into the population; or there may be new alleles due to a m_____________ in an individual.

Wednesday, August 11, 2021

Day 61, pp. 428 -- 444

Extra interesting video (4)

Lamarck (4)

Wallace (5)

homologous structures (5)

convergent divergent (3)

evolution channel (8)

Quiz, pp. 428 -- 444

1. Discuss the differences between Lamarckian evolutionary theory and Darwinian evolutionary theory.

2. What was the name of Darwin's ship and where did it sail? Which islands did he use as a base for studying variations in species? Which animal was his main subject of study, and which features did he use to demonstrate his thinking?

3. Your book spends several paragraphs defending Darwin against the claim that his ideas came from Alfred Wallace. Look into that story if you'd like.

4. The text briefly references Malthus and his late 18th century predictions that overpopulation would cause repeated and increasingly severe catastrophes like famine, which would naturally reduce population but cause great suffering in the process. If you want some good information on how those predictions have played out over the last two centuries, look at the Our World in Data page on famine. It also gives some good information to help us address hunger and scarcity today.

https://ourworldindata.org/famines

5. Define:

a. natural selection

b. homology

c. homologous structures

d. vestigial organs (give examples)

e. embrylogical homologies

f. molecular homologies

g. biogeography

h. endemic

Day 60, pp. 403 --423

cell differentiation (7)

morphogenesis (5)

time lapse development (6)

model organisms, excellent (7)

Quiz, pp. 403 -- 423

1. Give an example of cell differentiation.

2. Define morphogenesis.

3. Name several model organisms that researchers like to use.

4. Define stem cell and pluripotent.

Tuesday, August 10, 2021

Day 59, pp. 375 -- 400

DNA cloning, mapping, and modifying -- no quiz, go over this chapter more thoroughly if you have an interest in a career in genetics

DNA cloning (5)

DNA sequencing (5)

GMO (2)

modifications (5)

Day 58, pp. 368 -- 372

Chapter 19 discusses genetic transfers in eukaryotes, after discussing it in viruses and bacteria. It's useful stuff if you want to get into it, but mostly drastically more detailed discussion of what's been covered already. I'm skipping that part, but try to keep in mind that the processes are very complex -- essentially, try to know what you don't know.

This is long and complex, but it shows you a lot (12)

shorter version (4)

cancer (12)

Quiz, pp. 368 -- 372

1. Mutations that alter genes that regulate cell g____ ad d__________ in s___________ cells can lead to cancer. What are somatic cells, again?

2. Can this kind of cancer-causing gene alteration be due to a random mutation?

3. Name three things that are likely to trigger a mutation that leads to cancer.

4. Mutations might create a genetic fault that makes the cells divide or grow more (often creating tumors), or they might create a fault in the genes that are supposed to limit growth -- t___-s_______ genes.

5. Carefully red the section on page 369 titled "Cancer results from genetic changes that affect the cell cycle".

6. (371) Full cancer often happens only after about 6 m____________; often you need a m________ that provokes growth along with a m_____________ blocks t_________ suppression, and then also a m_________ that affects telomerase (remember the caps on the ends of chromosomes that get shorter and shorter over time, with each division, so that the number of times a cell line can divide is limited).

7. How does the idea that you need many mutations to have full cancer explain why cancer "runs in the family" for some people?

Day 57, pp. 341 --351

Quiz questions end on page 347, but if you have an interest finish the chapter, it's very detailed but has a lot of interesting info.

Bacterial cell gene transfer (6)

again (6)

plasmids (6)

antibiotic resistance (4)

resistance (2)

lab work (3)

insulin (4)

again (3)

feedback and bacterial metabolism (3)

Quiz, pp. 341 -- 351

1. New bacterial strains are created through different forms of r_______________.

2. Define transformation.

3. What outside factor is part of transduction in bacteria?

4. Define conjugation in bacteria.

5. (p. 343) Plasmids don't carry genetic material that is essential for the bacterium's survival, they carry small amounts of material that confer a survival a______________.

6. R plasmids carry genetic information that helps bacteria resist a_________________.

7. (347) Bacteria can adjust their m_________________ to fit their environment, like manufacturing chemicals if they aren't available but then ending manufacture if they can acquire the chemical.

Day 56, pp. 340 --340

Bacterial chromosome (1)

Plasmid replication (3)

microorganism comparison (2)

binary fission (2)

prokaryotic cell division (3)

Quiz, pp. 340 -- 340

1. What shape is bacterial DNA

2. Bacteria have about ____ times as much DNA as a virus; eukaryotic cells have about ________ times more DNA than a bacterium.

3. Do bacteria have a membrane-bound nucleus? Why not?

4. What are the little bits of DNA in bacteria off by themselves called?

5. When reproducing, bacteria replicate their DNA and then reproduce through b________ f_________.

6. If e. coli can reproduce so that a single cell results in 10^8 bacteria overnight, how many bacteria is that?

7. Is binary fission sexual or asexual reproduction? What does that mean, and what are the consequences for genetic variation?

Sunday, August 1, 2021

Day 55, pp. 330 to 339 (may be two days)

host range (4 minutes)

virus entering cell (2 minutes)

Lots in this one (10 minutes)

Zika virus and tissues (3 minutes)

mRNA vaccines (5)

interesting (5)

also (3)

virus DNA (11)

virions (3)

prions (9)

Quiz, pp. 330 -- 339

1. What does it mean that a virus is an "obligate intracellular parasite"?

2. Are there some viruses with a host range of only one?

3. Are there some viruses with a host range of more than one?

4. How does a virus identify a host cell?

5. Viruses of eukaryotes are usually t___________ specific.

6. Some viruses are ___NA and some are __NA.

7. A virulent phage uses the l_______ cycle, which destroys the cell; a l________ cycle doesn't destroy the cell.

8. Some viruses build a membrane around themselves using the membranes of the cells they invade, which tricks the cell into letting them in. Coronaviruses use this kind of membrane, which is a lipid bilayer so it is susceptible to hand w____________.

9. Why do we get symptoms of illness when a virus infects our cells? There should be several answers to this, found on page 335.

10. How does a vaccine work, briefly.

11. Why don't antibiotics work on viruses?

12. From page 337, explain three ways "new" viruses emerge.

13. Some viruses are known to cause c_________.

14. A plant virus can be spread to an individual plant through environmental, external factors (______________ transmission) or from the parent plant (______________ transmission).

15. A v______ is an infecting molecule, just a bit of RNA that infects. A p_________ is an infecting p_________. S_________ and m________ cow disease are caused by these proteins.

Day 54, pages 328 to 331

Read this article about COVI-19 proteins.

TMV (5)

viruses (9)

virus development (10)

Quiz, pp. 328 to 331

1. Read pp. 328 -- 329, "Researchers discovered viruses by studying a plant disease."

How did scientists decide TMV was contagious, and how did they know there were very small pathogens involved?

2. Viruses are not c____; they are i____________ particles consisting of n________ acid enclosed in a p__________ coat and, in some cases, a m________________ envelope.

3. What are the two major genetic categories of viruses?

4. What is the protein shell that encloses a virus's genome called?

5. What are viruses that attack bacteria called?

6. Sketch the four types of viruses showcased on page 330, figure 18.2; label each one.

7. Name some things a cell (like a bacteria cell) can do that a virus can't.

8. Name some structures that a cell (like a bacteria cell) has that a virus doesn't.

9. Viruses can only r_________________ within a h_________ cell.

10. The proteins on the outside of a virus are like a key that has to fit into the lock on the surface of a host cell; what feature of viral infection does this result in?

11. Within a host animal a virus usually can only infect a specific type of t____________ (s). This is why different viral infections result in different s____________.

12. If you take tobacco mosaic viruses and separate the RNA guts from the outer casing, then you mix the bits back up again, what will happen?

Monday, July 26, 2021

Day 53, pp. 313 to 324; this will probably need two days

A decent amount of this chapter will be skipped, it's very technical and some is a repeat of what we've done before. From this point out on the genetics we will be doing one chapter every day to three days, there's just too much this year to get hung up on early chapters just because they happen to come first. We have pp. 269 to 509 and then pp. 545 to 1247. That's 942 pages over the course of 172 days, assuming we want to spread it over the whole year, which we don't, we have an astronomy section first and a senior who wants to get a little bit of a break the last month of school like her public school peers get to have. So that's 5 pages a day, but if we cut the chapters so we're doing 15 to 30 pages a day that will give us the right balance, and we can also focus in more on the stuff they're interested in.

So, protein synthesis.

Protein synthesis, try to focus! (9)

protein synthesis (5)

this is actually more than you need to know right now, but it reminds you of the basics and then shows you it gets more and more complex (5)

wobble (2)

protein synthesis (5)

signal peptide (1)

mutations, let's try Khan (5)

mutations (7)

mutations (8)

Quiz, pp. 313 -- 324

Define the following, draw a picture of the ones with an asterisk (*). Use the glossary if you want to.

1. transfer RNA (tRNA)*

2. wobble

3. ribosome

4. polypeptide

5. Draw (a) and (b) with labels from figure 17.20

6. signal peptide

7. point mutations

8. base-pair substitution

9. missense mutations

10. nonsense mutations

11. frameshift mutations

12. mutagens

Day 52, pp. 303 to 313

Process (7)

animation (3)

protein (7)

protein synthesis (9)

Quiz, pp. 303 -- 313

We'll only use the summary part of the text and a bit more, won't get into all the complexities.

1. A gene codes for a poly___________; pro_______s like en_______ are made up of polypeptides. This is how genes code to build organisms in a certain way, creating a phenotype from the genotype.

2. T_______________ and t____________________ are the two main processes linking gene to protein.

3. Essentially, g______ provide the instructions for making certain p______________.

4. Transcription is the synthesis of ____________ under the direction of __________. The type of RNA molecule that carries the genetic message from the DNA is called ___RNA.

5. Translation is the actual synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of ___________.

E.C. Which new type of vaccine works by injecting mRNA directly into the cells of a human so that the mRNA is translated into polypeptides, constructing the "spike protein" on the crown or corona part of the virus it protects against?

Copy figure 17.3

Sunday, July 25, 2021

Day 51, pp. 294 -- 302

DNA repair (6)

polymerase, helicase, histones, nucleosomes, chromatin, chromasomes (probably a repeat) (6)

polymerase (2)

lagging and leading strands (2)

telomeres (6)

Quiz, pp. 294 -- 302

1. Sketch and explain 16.10.

2. What does anti-parallel mean?

3. What is a leading strand?

4. What is a lagging strand?

5. What does DNA ligase do?

6. What is a helicase?

7. After replication, enzymes check the new DNA and f___ mistakes.

8. What do telomeres do?

Day 50, pp. 287 -- 293

DNA (7)

Griffith (2)

Hershey and Chase (5)

bacteriophage (3)

DNA replication (10)

DNA replication (3)

Quiz, pp. 287 -- 293

1. When Griffith and Avery mixed dead bacteria with live bacteria of a related strain the live bacteria brought in something that then expressed itself. Did it bring in proteins or nucleic acids?

2. What is a bacteriophage? Sketch one.

3. Look at figures 16.1 and 16.2, understanding them.

4. What shape does DNA take in cells?

5. What are the four nucleic acid bases and how do they pair?

6. Sketch DNA replication, using figure 16.7.

Day 49, pp. 269 -- 286

sex-linked traits (7)

linked genes, very long, try to really focus because it will teach a lot you will be able to use in other classes (18)

recombination (3)

trisomy (3)

Barr body (5)

mosaicism (4)

mosaic Down (3)

Quiz, pp. 269 -- 286

1. What is Drosophilia melanogaster and why is it used in gene research?

2.What are genes located on sex chromosomes called?

3. What are genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together called?

4. What do you call the production of offspring with a new combination of traits inherited from two parents?

5. What genetically determines sex in a new human?

Thursday, July 22, 2021

Day 48, pp. 260 to 266, Mendel and Humans

genetic disorders (4)

sickle cell (2)

sickle cell (8)

cystic fibrosis (2)

tay-sachs (4)

Huntington's (2)

PKU (2)

Quiz, pp. 260 -- 266

1. If W is the symbol for the trait of a widow's peak, and the trait is due to a dominant allele, what do we know about the parents if at least one of their children does not have a widow's peak?

2. If we use F as the symbol for an attached earlobe, which is a recessive trait, which allele combination would someone have to have in order to display the phenotype of an attached earlobe?

3. Cystic fibrosis and many other medical conditions are genetic disorders inherited as r____________ traits.

4. If an offspring has a dangerous medical condition caused by recessive traits (that we'll symbolize with A), to simplify, the parents must be both either Aa (and not have the disease themselves) or aa (and have the disease themselves). Why?

5. In the case above with a serious medical condition like cystic fibrosis, the parents are likely to have a genotype of Aa. Why?

6. In the case above, why is a parent with an Aa genotype called carriers?

7. Why is Huntington's disease still passed on to children even if the parent has it and eventually dies from it? What is different about Huntington's that makes it able to pass to the next generation even though its allele is dominant?

8. Genetic screening can detect if a parent is a c__________, if a fetus has a genetic disorder, or if a newborn does.

9. Fetal screening can either be a____________, which tests the a_________ fluid; or CVS, which tests f______ cells. If a fetus is found to have a genetic disorder, parents can prepare for the situation or the mother can choose to a___________ the fetus.

10. Newborn screening, like the one that tests for P_____, is done after birth and the child is treated when possible. Mental retardation from PKU can be prevented with a special diet.

Day 47, pages 247 -- 260, brief Mendel

Mendel is so complex, we're going to bounce through this section and just make sure we touch on some vocabulary. Anyone using this site, if that happens, might flesh it out if they want more.

We're back to the genetics section, which we'll follow through without another skip, then we'll return to plants.

Quiz, pp. 247 -- 260

Copy the definition of these words from the book or the glossary, if you can put it in your own words that would be best.

1. character

2. trait

3. true-breeding

4. hybridization

5. allele

6. dominant allele

7. recessive allele

8. Mendel's law of segregation (extra credit)

9. homozygous

10. heterozygous

11. phenotype

12. genotype

13. monohybrids

14. dihybrids

15. Mendel's law of independent assortment (extra credit)

16. pleiotropy

17. epistasis

Day 46, pp. 567 to 572

amoeba (3)

amoeba (2)

heliozoans (3) (not an amoeba, not a death star. . . .)

slime mold (3)

Next, back to genetics.

Quiz, pp. 567 -- 572

1. What are pseudopodia? (you can use glossary if you want)

2. What's another name for rhizopods?

3. How many cells does an amoeba have?

4. Are slime molds fungi?

Day 45, pp. 556 --567,

red tide (2)

red tide (6)

glowing dinoflagellates (6)

malaria we've done already

plasmodium (2)

stentor ciliate (2)

stentor cilia (3)

paramecium ciliate (3)

oomycotes (4)

diatoms (8) -- start at the two minute mark to skip the credits (sorry, creators, we are short on time!)

golden algae (2)

algae (3)

brown algae (6)

red algae (2)

lichen (4)

ulva (2)

volvox (4)

volvox (1)

Quiz, pp. 556-567

1. Alveolata are protists that include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates; what is the function of the cavity under the cell surface?

2. Dinoflagellates have an "armor" that gives them a shape and flagella that make them do what?

3. Dinoflagellates float in large numbers on the ocean surface and can cause "red tides" on coasts, can put off in blooms toxins that kill animals they then eat, or can be bioluminescent. What would that look like?

4. Plasmodium is the sporozoite parasite that causes what?

5. How do plasmodium parasites avoid being destroyed by the immune system? Which other disease is this like?

6. Which are longer, flagellum or cilia?

7. Ciliates have two types of what?

8. In the stramenopila, most have two types of flagellum, one with and one without what?

9. Water molds are in some ways like fungi, but instead of chitin they have c____________, like plants.

10. What does oomycota mean?

11. What are the walls of diatoms made of?

12. What is diatomaceous earth made of?

13. Name four kinds of algae.

Day 44, pp. 555 to 556, Diplomonadida, Parabasala, Euglenozoa -- long one

For this section on protists, which are simple and varied eukaryotic organisms, keep an eye on the phylogeny charts.

Look at figure 28.7, with bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

Now we're going to "zoom in" on the eukaryote part.

Look at figure 28.8. At the bottom, you see this is the branch with all the eukaryotes. At the top are a lot of different kinds of eukaryotes that we'll study now, and then also plants, fungi, and animals, which we'll study later.

Look to the far left, you will see the category "diplomonadida" and the category "parabasala". At the top of page 555, you "zoom in" on those two. For each section and kind of protist, we zoom in on a new branch of eukaryotes.

Evolution of eukaryotes (13)

Protist Diversity (6)

Phylogeny (8)

Diplomonads (2)

Giardia (2)

Giardia (5)

parabasalids (5)

euglenoids (2)

chagas (3)

sleeping sickness (4)

sleeping sickness (3)

Quiz, pp. 555 to 559:

1. Diplomonadida and parabasala are protistan groups that lack m____________ . We now think they l_______ them.

2. Giardia is a kind of diplomonadida parasite that people and animals swallow in the c________ form in water, it causes severe diarrhea.

3. Trichomonas vaginalis uses an undulating membrane and f__________ to move along the skin of tissue it has infected.

4. Euglenoids can be photosynthetic (getting energy from l_______) or heterotrophic. Copy the definition of heterotroph here, using the glossary at the end of the book.

5. Sketch simply euglena from figure 28.3

6. The kinetoplastids include Trypanosoma, which is carried by the t_______ f_________ and causes s________ sickness. Sketch a Trypaosoma organism from figure 28.11.

7. How does the sleeping sickness protist avoid being killed off by the human body?

Wednesday, July 21, 2021

Day 43, Chapter 28, pp. 548 -- 554, Eukaryotic Origins and Diversification

Endosymbiotic theory (6 minutes)

More endosymbiotic theory (10 minutes)

endomembrane system (4 minutes)

Quiz, pp. 548 -- 554

1. List the cellular structures and processes that eukaryotic cells developed when protists evolved.

2. Are prokaryotic cells bigger or smaller than eukaryotic cells, generally?

3. Do protists have eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

4. Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokarytic?

5. What is an organelle?

6. Which eukaryotic organelles probably began as endosymbionts?

7. Look at the two figures on pages 552 and 553. They represent two hypotheses for how the kingdoms of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes developed. They differ because in the older hypothesis it was posited that all three branches evolved from a c____________ a______________, while in the newer hypothesis they settled into the three categories after developing from a common c____________ of cells. Also, the second hypothesis makes heavy use of the idea of t_____________ of g___________ to create diversity. Darwinian evolution still applies, but the process is more complex than we thought.

Starting New Year

Here's the dividing line where we do the rest in the second year.

Monday, February 1, 2021

Day 42, foward again to Eukaryotic Diversity, pp. 545 to 548, Protists, Chapter 28

Don't confuse protists with prokaryots, protists are eukaryots.

Protists (9 minutes)

Protists (5 minutes)

Protist diversity, long (20 minutes)

Quiz: draw Euglena, page 547 in the book, color and label

Wednesday, January 27, 2021

Day 41, Back to Genetics, Mendel and the Gene Idea, pp. 247

Mendel (18 minutes)

Mendel (15 minutes)

Quiz -- complete this quiz online and tell me the result

Day 40, shorter, realized have to get in more from pages 540 to 542

Symbiosis (9 minutes)

primary, secondary, opportunistic infections (4 minutes)

Read this thoroughly and remember it is Koch's postulates, a method of determining pathogen infection

bioremediation (2 minutes)

extra and longer video if you want to watch it on bioremediation (12 minutes)

Quiz:

Briefly define:

1. symbiois

2. host

3. mutualism

4. commensalism

5. parasitism

6 What does it mean if a prokaryote is pathogenic?

7. Of endotoxins and exotoxins, which are proteins secreted by the bacteria? Which are chemicals that are part of the bacteria themselves?

Sunday, January 17, 2021

Day 39, pp. 537 -- 542 (this runs extra time, so allow more time for it)

agrobacterium (5 minutes)

salmonella (6 minute)

E. coli (5 minutes)

E. coli (3 minutes)

myxobacteria (2 minutes)

bdellovibrios (1 minute)

bdellovibrios (3 minutes, start at minute 2)

h. pylori (3 minutes)

chlamydia (3 minutes)

lyme spirochetes (3 minutes)

Lyme (5 minutes)

TB (10 minutes) (this has a lot, maybe more than you need right now)

leprosy (4 minutes)

cyanobacteria (3 minutes)

Quiz:

1. Using the Campbell-Reece text page 536:

a. What are the three domains?

b. What are the groups under the Domain Bacteria?

c. What are the groups under the Domain Arhaea?

Day 38, pp. 532 -- 537

autotrophs and heterotrophs (7 minutes)

frog decline (3 minutes)

Saturday, January 16, 2021

Day 37, pp. 531--532

Transformation, Conjugation, transduction, transposition, pretty complex (4 minutes)

bacteria, amoeba sisters (9 minutes)

endospores (4 minutes)

antibiotics (4 minutes), very good

resistance (5 minutes)

antibiotics in nature (5 minutes)

Quiz

1. Draw a little, appropriate picture for each

a. transformation

b. conjugation

c. transduction

2. What does sporulation protect against, and what does it create (one word)?

3. Explain different ways antibiotics work.

Friday, January 1, 2021

Day 36, Chapter 27, pp. 526 -- 531

epigenetics (extra)

So, we've jumping forward again to get out of microbiology and genetics. Will go back to genetics after this chapter. Skipping back and forth because there is so much with genetics and DNA that you can get lost in it all and start mixing things up.

Prokaryotes -- archaea and bacteria (you may have watched this already)

bacteria shapes

prokaryotic cell walls and gram negative and positive

bacteria slime

bacteria motion and flagella and chemotaxis

taxis

spirochete motion

spirochete (includes syphilis picture)

Quiz:

1. Use these sources to draw and label bacteria shapes; look up the diseases caused by the bacteria in the first source.

cool plasmid replication

complex plasmid video, how we make insulin

2. What are the two domains that contain prokaryotes? Which domain does not?

3. Which have a thicker cell wall, gram positive or gram negative bacteria? How do you tell which is which?

4. Prokaryotes don't have a true n_________ enclosed with a n________ membrane.

Tuesday, December 22, 2020

Day 35, Crossing Over and Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis -- end of semester

crossing over (2 minutes)

comparison (7 minutes)

simpliest version (3 minutes)

Quiz:

1. What is the evolutionary advantage for a population adapting to a niche provided by crossing over?

2. Name four differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Thursday, December 17, 2020

Day 34, Chapter 13, pp. 239 -- 241, Meiosis only, then do the comparison

We have four repeating videos on meiosis.

This is a super hard topic to understand, but it is important, and it is also likely to turn up on test after test. So we are splitting this chapter into tiny slices. We did mitosis. Now we do meiosis. Then we will compare them.

video (9 minutes)

video (5 minutes)

video (2 minutes)

video (10 minutes)

video (5 minutes)

Then for the quiz, copy this page.

Saturday, December 5, 2020

Day 33, Chapter 13, pp. 236 -- 238, one bit at a time; skipping variety of sexual life cycles and coming back to it later

somatic cells (2 minutes), video during mitosis, fantastic

somatic cells (10)

somatic cells and gametes (4)

karyotype (10 minutes?)

homologous and sister chromosomes (3 minutes)

another homologous and sister (4 minutes)

autosomes (5 minutes)

X and Y chromosomes (3 minutes)

Quiz:

Define:

1. DNA

2. gene

3. chromosome

4. chromatid

Match words with definition

5. somatic cell

6. gamete

7. karyotype

8. autosome

9. homologous chromosomes

10. sister chromatid

11. X and Y chromosomes

a. the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

b. Two identical copies of a single replicated chromosome that are connected by a centromere.

c. Two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism which carry the same genes, one from each parental source. In simpler terms, both of your parents provide a complete genome. Each parent provides the same 23 chromosomes, which encode the same genes.

d. sex chromosomes

e. any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

f. a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

g. any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

Day 32, returning to genetics, Chapter 13, pp. 234 -- 235

We're going to take this piece by piece.

First, review the chart on mitosis. Remember that mitosis is when cells replicate into exact copies for growth and repair. When your skin cells make more skin cells to replace the ones that die and fall off, or when fetal liver cells make more liver cells as the liver gets bigger, that sort of thing.

Now we move to reproduction, where an organism (or two organisms) make new organisms. This might be asexual, just one organism making a new organism that will be the same as itself (but with variation, it gets complex) or it might be sexual, where two organisms contribute genetic material to the new organism to make a unique DNA code for a unique new individual.

Nice, straightforward video (2 minutes)

What is a gene (5 minutes)

Quick preview about genes (2 minutes)

examples of asexual reproduction (8 minutes)

more on asexual reproduction (6 minutes)

what is a chromosome (6 minutes)

Quiz:

Match the term with the definition:

1. DNA

2. gene

3. chromosome

4. chromatid

a. a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

b. deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

c. (in technical use) a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize.

d. each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.

5. Write a short paragraph describing asexual reproduction.

Day 31, continued from 30

Find a few charts to use as guides, including the one from yesterday, and make your own illustrated 3 domain and/or 5 kingdom chart.

Day 30, pp. 516 -- 523, Origin of Life, Lineages

Will cover this, but I find it currently too reactive (just my point of view) and too much defensive language in the text, so will be briefer on this. You might add to this if you feel the topic is fleshed out enough to discuss in more detail.

Miller-Urey experiment (7 minutes)

protobionts (1 minute)

give this one a try -- so many videos on this topic are preachy, hard to find a good one with just science info

(5 minutes)

Then taxonomis, families, etc.

Five kingdom (10 minutes)

cladograms (7 minutes)

five kingdoms, old video (3 minutes)

three domains (7 minutes)

Quiz -- copy this clearly, we will do more tomorrow

Wednesday, December 2, 2020

Day 29, pp. 510 -- 516

extra video (4 minutes)

life evolution (5 minutes)

archaea (4 minutes)

stromatolites (3 minutes)

oxygen (5 minutes)

Sunday, November 29, 2020

Day 28, Skipping Out of Order, Chapter 26, pp 510 --

Mitosis, meiosis, and genetics can get very confusing; when you add protein synthesis with RNA it gets very complicated. Basically you have a lot of the different ways DNA can be used (with mitosis, replicating to supply a new cell; with meiosis, dividing and combining; with protein synthesis, reading with RNA).

I feel like it would be best to separate the topics. So I'm going to skip from chapter 12, mitosis, out of microbiology and to the different forms of life. After each section I'll go back and fill in something with genetics and reproduction, and protein synthesis.

Obviously if anyone is using this blog you can just find and use the links for the chapters in order if you'd like.

Today's work is easy for me -- start off with this interactive timeline of life on Earth, clicking on each link and watching each video. Don't forget to click the arrow on top to progress on the timeline, at one point it expands because the time intervals change drastically.

Monday, November 23, 2020

Day 27, Chapter 12, Other Information on the Cell Cycle and Cell Division and Replication

Cell cycle (6 minutes)

Neural academy on cell cycle (8 minutes)

Amoeba sisters cell cycle and more (10 minutes)

Chromosomes, etc. (5 minutes)

binary fission (4 minutes)

binary fission (1 minute, about)

cell cycle control (5 minutes)

Day 26, Chapter 12, Mitosis

This is a lot of repeat, but you really should bang it into your head, this is the kind of stuff on all the tests

mitosis, good visuals (5 minutes)

mitosis (11 minutes)

mitosis, Bozeman (11 minutes)

amoeba (9 minutes)

quiz, interactive

Sunday, November 22, 2020

Day 25, Chapter 11, Cell Communication, pp. 197 --

Cell signaling (9 minutes)

signal transduction (2.5 minutes)

paracrine signaling, local (2 minutes)

synaptic signaling, local (2 minutes)

hormones (6 minutes) long distance

receptors and ligands (3 minutes)

bacterial communication (7 minutes)

bacterial communication (3 minutes)

Cell signaling quiz video -- watch twice, each time mark how many you got right and turn in. (12 minutes)

Thursday, November 12, 2020

Day 24, Chapter 10, pp. 176 -- 191, photosynthesis

Quiz tomorrow, drawing chloroplasts and Calvin Cycle

photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle

Monday, November 9, 2020

Day 23, Chapter 9, pp. 155 -- 175

cellular respiration

respiration vs. fermentation, nicely complete, well done

NAD+

NAD+ and NADH, kind of technical

Amoeba Sisters on cellular respiration, pretty complex

For quizzes, watch these four and answer the questions:

Sunday, November 8, 2020

Day 21, pp. 138--154

Campbell-Reece is organized from small to big, which is fine, but we'll never get to prairie dog colonies if we don't punch it up a bit so we're going to do more of a survey and less detail for a bit.

Heavy on the amoebas this time!

Fluid mosaic, phospholipid bilayer, proteins

more details and transport

cell signaling

osmosis

cell transport

brief ted on cell membranes

last, bozeman to top it off

sodium potassium pump