Chapter 5

 

Campbell / Reece biology Chapter 5

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Scientists use the term m____________ for giant molecules.  Most macromolecules are p_____________.  C__________, pr____________, and n________ a________ are all polymers.  A polymer is a long molecue consisting of many building blocks;  those building blocks are called m______________.

Monomers are connected by a reaction in which there is a loss of a w________ molecule;  this is called a d____________ reaction.  Polymers are taken apart into their monomer parts by h_______, where w_________ molecules are added.

Carbohydrates include both s__________ and their polymers.  The simplest carbohydrates are the m__________, or single s________. 

Monosaccharides generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of ____________.  Glucose’s molecular formula is _______.  Monosaccharides are major nutrients for c______.  In res______________, cells extract the e___________ stored in glucose molecules. 

Two monosaccharides joined become a d_______________.  P___________ are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined.  S______ is a storage polysaccharide in plans;  animals use a storage polysaccharide called g___________.  The polysaccharide c_________ is a part of the cell wall in plants.  A polysaccharide called c_______ is a carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons.

How does a cow digest the cell wall in plants?  Do we digest the cell wall in plants? 

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Lipds are hydrophobic, which is why o____ and w______ don’t mix.  Lipids include w______, certain pi________, f________, pho___________, and st_________.

A s____________ f___________ acid is saturated with h___________, an uns___________ f____________ a____________ has had its h_________ removed.  S_____________ fats are usually solid at room temperature.  You can hydrogenate uns__________ fats so that they will be solid, instead of liquid, at room temperature.

What are human fat cells called?

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St__________ are lipids, one kind of st_______ is chol______________.

The word protein comes from the Greek for __________________.  Proteins are used for str_________, sto_______, trans___________, sign__________, m___________, and d__________.  E___________ are proteins that regulate m_____________ by selectively accelerating chemical reactions in the cell.

A_________ a_______ are organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups.  The 20 amino acids of proteins can be either non__________, p_________, or ele________ch_________.

A protein’s function depends on its specific c____________.

There are ________ (how many?) levels of protein structure.

The primary structure of a protein is its u__________ s____________ of a________ a_________.  It’s the string that makes up the backbone.

Draw a rough model of the primary structure of a protein (for all models, use the figures next to the section or the one on page 79).

A slight change in the primary structure of the hemoglobin protein can change the cells from round, easily flowing cells into sharp cells that can get caught and clot.  This genetic condition is called s________ c_________ disease.

The secondary structure of a protein consists of c________ or f________ created when the backbone has hydrogen bonds and works back on itself.

This can create shapes like a h__________ or a pl________ sh_________.

Draw a rough model of the secondary structure of a protein.

Tertiary (meaning th_____) structure of a protein is caused by interactions between the side chains hanging off the backbone. 

Draw a rough model of the tertiary structure of a protein.

Quaternary (meaning f_____) structure of a protein comes when two or more polypeptide chains (all of which already have primary, secondary, and tertiary structure on their own) come together and make a functional macro__________ with a shape based on them all coming together.

C________ is a fibrous protein that has h_________ subunits super_______ into a larger triple h__________ -- in other words, three helixes wound into one big one, like three braids then braided themselves.  This makes it very strong, and helps with its function as the girders of c________ t__________ in skin, b____, te_________, l__________.

Draw a rough model of the quaternary structure of a protein.

X________ c________ is used to map out the structure of a protein.

N_________ a________ store and transmit hereditary information. 

There are two types:  d____________ a_______ (_________) and r________a________ (_______).  These are the molecules that enable living organisms to r________ their complex components from one g___________ to the next.

DNA provides directions for its own r_________.  RNA is involved in protein sy_________.

DNA is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their p__________.   When a cell reproduces itself by dividing, its DNA molecules (one per ch_________) are copied and passed along. 

Draw a rough model of the DNA synthesizing RNA that then runs through the ribosomes to manufacture proteins.

A nucleic acid strand is a p_________ of n_____________.

Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called n_____________.  Each nucleotide is composed of three parts: a n__________ base, a p____________ (a five carbon s_________), and a ph___________ group.

There are two families of n___________ bases: py_________ and pu_________.

The members of the pyrimidine family are c_________ (  ), th____ (  ), and u________ (   ).

The purines are ad__________ (  ), and g__________ (  ). 

DNA has a________, g____________, c_______________, and t______________.

RNA has a__________, g_____________, c_____________, and u_____________.

RNA molecules consist of a single p___________ chain.

Draw a rough model of an RNA molecule.

DNA molecules have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis to form a d__________ h___________. 

Draw a rough model of a DNA molecule.

The structure of DNA was first proposed by W__________ and C____________ in 1953.

Only certain bases are compatible with each other:  A always teams with ____, and G always pairs with ______.  If your read the sequence of one strand of DNA you know the sequence of the other.

Write the sequence that goes with this one:

ATTCCGATTAAGGCATA