Fill In Chapter 11, this is where we start making some large skips

Fill in the Blank Chapter 11, Campbell Reece Biology

Cell Communication

page 197

Cells communicate to facilitate re_____________ion.

pp. 198-99

In unicellular yeast, the cells reproduce s________lly, meaning there are two types of cells that have to reproduce with each other. One secretes a f______ that opens a receptor on the other, and the other secretes a factor that opens a re______ on the one, and the chemicals induce them to gr_____ towards each other.

The two cells then f_________.

This is a s______________- tr________________ p________________.

Darwinian evolutionists and others believe that this method is very old, and that it is a sign that ma______ are related to pro___________ from billions of years ago.

Myxobacteria form sp_______ when food is sc____________, they send out signals that cause the cells to collect and then form a protective structure to get them past the scarcity.

Messages might travel sh___ or l____ distance.

For sh___ distance, the transmitting cell secretes a l__________ r__________. It influences every c____ that it is close to. G____ fa_____ are local regulators in animals, the stimulate close cells to gr_____ and m____________.

In the animal n___________ system, a n_____ cell produces a chemical signal called a ne__________. This goes to one t_________ cell that is almost touching the producing cell – very close – not to all the cells in the area. An e____________ signal triggers the release of the neu___________ into the sy_______, the space between the nerve cell and target cell. The signal can then travel cell to cell a long distance, like from your b_____ to your t___________. Since only those close cells get the signal, the rest of the cells in your body don't get accidentally zapped.

Plant cells signal differently because of their w_____.

Animals and plants use h_______ to signal l____ distance. In animals, this is called hormonal signaling or en__________ signaling. Cells release hormones into the c___________ system and the hormones travel to other parts of the body.

In plants, hormones travel in vessels but more often by moving through c____ or through the a____ as a g____. You might have smelled the hormone eth________ being put off as a gas by plants; it promotes r_______________ (this is why one bad apple spoils the bunch, one over-ripe apple puts off this gas and it encourages ripening in the others).

I________ is a hormone in animals that regulates blood sugar levels, a protein with thousands of atoms.

Some cells pass these signals in their cytosol, if they are connected to the cytoplasm of another cell. Animal em____________ and im__________ cells can communicate by touching their hormones on the outside of the cells to each other.

R____________ molecules then recognize the s______, the information must be changed inside the cell into a form that can be used. This is being tr___________.

pp. 200-201

Sutherland and his team discovered how the release of the hormone e___________ (adrenaline?) make glucose and other energy available.

He suggested there are three steps to hormonal c_________ communication.

1. R__________, the cell getting the signal.

2. Tr_________ , the signal changing the receptor in a way that can continue the work.

3. Re____________, the transduced signal triggers a cellular re___________.

A si_________ molecule binds to a r_____________ protein on the cell's surface, mostly in the cell membrane, and the protein changes sh__________. It is like a k_________ with a l_________, so that the signal doesn't affect the wrong cells.

Skip: Most signal receptors are plasma membranes (when skipping text, don't skip the illustrations and figures).

pp. 202 – 203

Skip (if you want to know more about Tyrosine, which you can buy in the store as a supplement, read this section)

pp. 204 – 205

Skip

206 – 207

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These sections are specific about how the signal triggers action, read if you find interesting or necessary

210 – 211

Skip to “The specificity of cell signalling”

The h__________ and the l___________ are both exposed to a bloodstream full of h___________. But the cells in the h_____________ ignore some of them; the cells in the l_________ ignore some of them; and some of the h_________ are used in both the h__________ and the l___________, but trigger different actions.

Epinephrine triggers the l_________ cell to break down glycogen (making e______ available to the body); but it triggers the m________ cells of the h__________ to c______, which creates a more rapid heartbeat (when you have an adrenaline reaction, your heart races and you feel energized).

This is possible because d___________ kinds of c___________ have d_____________ collections of p_________________.

pg. 212

Skip to conclusion

Mechanisms of c____ com_____________ involve l____________(a small molecule that binds to a larger one) binding; con___________ (shape) changes in pr___________ (often in the cell membrane); interactions among pr___________; ca_____________ of interactions that tr___________ and amp_____________ (make bigger) signals; and pro___________ phos____________ (sticking phosphates on, remember ATP, etc.) by protein k____________ (an enzyme that transfers a phos____ group from A____ to a protein).