Chapter 6, part 2

 

Reece/ Campbell Chapter 6 part 2, pg. 96

A spontaneous chemical reaction may occur very sl___________, like the hydrolysis of sucrose to gl_______ and fr_________ does at room temperature.

S_______ is an enzyme that speeds the hydrolysis of sucrose.

A c_______ is a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being c____________ by the reaction;  an e__________ is a kind of catalyst that is a pro___________.

Every chemical reaction between molecules involves both bond _________ and bond __________.  You have to add energy to ________ the bonds, and forming bonds produces energy.

A____________ energy is the initial boost of energy needed to get the reaction going, by breaking the first bonds.  Usually, this energy is provided by h__________ energy.

Draw the energy profile of an exergonic reaction, and the energy profile of an exergonic reaction with an enzyme lowering the barrier of activation energy.

If you have an enzyme, can you have an exergonic reaction without any heat or other energy input at all?  Why or why not?

The reactant an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s s______________.  This is converted by the enzyme through catalysis into a p_____________.

Most enzymes end in ___________.

Sucrase is an enzyme that acts on the substrates _____________ and _________ to create the products ___________ and ____________.

Only one part of the enzyme can bind to a substrate;  this is called the _____ _________.

Once the substrate enters the site, the enzyme is induced to change its shape slightly to close in around the substrate;  this is called an __________ f_____.

Draw a diagram of the catalytic cycle of an enzyme.

Most metabolic reactions are rev_____________, an enzyme can catalyze both the forward and backward reactions.  It usually will do so until the situation reaches eq__________ (as much reaction in one direction as in the other).

The enzyme will work faster if there is a higher concentration of the s_________;  at some point, the reactions can’t go faster unless you add more e___________.

Can one molecule of an enzyme convert more than one substrate into products?  Why?

Is the enzyme destroyed in the chemical reaction?  Does it become part of the products?  What happens to the enzyme during and after the chemical reaction it catalyzes?

The activity of an enzyme is affected by environmental factors like t____________ and ________.

Up to a certain point, raising the temperature will increase the activity of the enzyme in catalyzing chemical reactions.  After that point, the enzyme’s activity will rapidly drop.  Why?

What does it mean to denature a protein?

Pepsin works best in a pH 2;  trypsin works best in a pH of 8.  Which one is in the acidic stomach and which is in the basic (or alkaline) small intestine?

Many enzymes require nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity;  these are often metals, and they are called co______. 

Some chemicals inhibit the action of certain enzymes, so the enzymes, don’t just keep working until equilibrium is reached. 

If the chemical stops the enzyme from continuing by mimicking the substrate and entering the active site, blocking the substrate, it is called a _________ inhibitor.

Draw a model of this.

If the chemical stops the enzyme from continuing by attaching to a different part of the enzyme protein and forcing it to change shape, so that the active site changes shape and the substrate can’t enter, that’s called a n________________ inhibitor.

Draw a model of this.

In a__________________ regulation, regulatory molecules change an enzyme’s shape and function by binding weakly, and can inhibit or stimulate the activity of the enzyme.

In f_____________ inhibition, a product of a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme winds up blocking any further catalysis, so that the reaction is no longer catalyzed after a certain amount of product is produced.

It matters where in the c________ enzymes are located.  Enzymes for respiration in eukaryotic cells, for example, are found in the m________________________.

Explain again what emergent properties are, and give one example from what we’ve studied so far.