Day 61, pp. 428 -- 444

Extra interesting video (4)

Lamarck (4)

Wallace (5)

homologous structures (5)

convergent divergent (3)

evolution channel (8)

Quiz, pp. 428 -- 444

1.  Discuss the differences between Lamarckian evolutionary theory and Darwinian evolutionary theory.

2.  What was the name of Darwin's ship and where did it sail?  Which islands did he use as a base for studying variations in species?  Which animal was his main subject of study, and which features did he use to demonstrate his thinking?

3.  Your book spends several paragraphs defending Darwin against the claim that his ideas came from Alfred Wallace.  Look into that story if you'd like.

4.  The text briefly references Malthus and his late 18th century predictions that overpopulation would cause repeated and increasingly severe catastrophes like famine, which would naturally reduce population but cause great suffering in the process.  If you want some good information on how those predictions have played out over the last two centuries, look at the Our World in Data page on famine.  It also gives some good information to help us address hunger and scarcity today.

https://ourworldindata.org/famines

5.  Define:

a.  natural selection

b.  homology

c.  homologous structures

d.  vestigial organs (give examples)

e.  embrylogical homologies

f.  molecular homologies

g.  biogeography

h.  endemic

Day 60, pp. 403 --423

 

cell differentiation (7)

morphogenesis (5)

time lapse development (6)

model organisms, excellent (7)

Quiz, pp. 403 -- 423

1.  Give an example of cell differentiation.

2.  Define morphogenesis.

3.  Name several model organisms that researchers like to use.

4.  Define stem cell and pluripotent.

Day 59, pp. 375 -- 400

 DNA cloning, mapping, and modifying -- no quiz, go over this chapter more thoroughly if you have an interest in a career in genetics

DNA cloning (5)

DNA sequencing (5)

GMO (2)

modifications  (5)

Day 58, pp. 368 -- 372

 Chapter 19 discusses genetic transfers in eukaryotes, after discussing it in viruses and bacteria.  It's useful stuff if you want to get into it, but mostly drastically more detailed discussion of what's been covered already.  I'm skipping that part, but try to keep in mind that the processes are very complex -- essentially, try to know what you don't know.

This is long and complex, but it shows you a lot (12)

shorter version (4)

cancer (12)

Quiz, pp. 368 -- 372

1.  Mutations that alter genes that regulate cell g____ ad d__________ in s___________ cells can lead to cancer.  What are somatic cells, again?

2.  Can this kind of cancer-causing gene alteration be due to a random mutation?

3.  Name three things that are likely to trigger a mutation that leads to cancer.

4.  Mutations might create a genetic fault that makes the cells divide or grow more (often creating tumors), or they might create a fault in the genes that are supposed to limit growth -- t___-s_______ genes.

5.  Carefully red the section on page 369 titled "Cancer results from genetic changes that affect the cell cycle".

6.  (371)  Full cancer often happens only after about 6 m____________;  often you need a m________ that provokes growth along with a m_____________ blocks t_________ suppression, and then also a m_________ that affects telomerase (remember the caps on the ends of chromosomes that get shorter and shorter over time, with each division, so that the number of times a cell line can divide is limited).  

7.  How does the idea that you need many mutations to have full cancer explain why cancer "runs in the family" for some people?

Day 57, pp. 341 --351

Quiz questions end on page 347, but if you have an interest finish the chapter, it's very detailed but has a lot of interesting info.

 Bacterial cell gene transfer (6)

again (6)

plasmids (6)

antibiotic resistance (4)

resistance (2)

lab work (3)

insulin (4)

again (3)

feedback and bacterial metabolism (3)

Quiz, pp. 341 -- 351

1.  New bacterial strains are created through different forms of r_______________.

2.  Define transformation.

3.  What outside factor is part of transduction in bacteria?

4.  Define conjugation in bacteria.

5.  (p. 343) Plasmids don't carry genetic material that is essential for the bacterium's survival, they carry small amounts of material that confer a survival a______________.

6.  R plasmids carry genetic information that helps bacteria resist a_________________.

7.  (347)  Bacteria can adjust their m_________________ to fit their environment, like manufacturing chemicals if they aren't available but then ending manufacture if they can acquire the chemical.

Day 56, pp. 340 --340

 Bacterial chromosome (1)

Plasmid replication (3)

microorganism comparison (2)

binary fission (2)

prokaryotic cell division (3)

Quiz, pp. 340 -- 340

1.  What shape is bacterial DNA

2.  Bacteria have about ____ times as much DNA as a virus;  eukaryotic cells have about ________ times more DNA than a bacterium.

3.  Do bacteria have a membrane-bound nucleus?  Why not?

4.  What are the little bits of DNA in bacteria off by themselves called?

5.  When reproducing, bacteria replicate their DNA and then reproduce through b________ f_________.

6.  If e. coli can reproduce so that a single cell results in 10^8 bacteria overnight, how many bacteria is that?

7.  Is binary fission sexual or asexual reproduction?  What does that mean, and what are the consequences for genetic variation?

Day 55, pp. 330 to 339 (may be two days)

 host range (4 minutes)

virus entering cell (2 minutes)

Lots in this one (10 minutes)

Zika virus and tissues (3 minutes)

mRNA vaccines (5)

interesting (5)

also (3)

virus DNA (11)

virions (3)

prions (9)

Quiz, pp. 330 -- 339

1.  What does it mean that a virus is an "obligate intracellular parasite"?

2.  Are there some viruses with a host range of only one?

3.  Are there some viruses with a host range of more than one?

4.  How does a virus identify a host cell?

5.  Viruses of eukaryotes are usually t___________ specific.

6.  Some viruses are ___NA and some are __NA.

7.  A virulent phage uses the l_______ cycle, which destroys the cell;  a l________ cycle doesn't destroy the cell.

8.  Some viruses build a membrane around themselves using the membranes of the cells they invade, which tricks the cell into letting them in.  Coronaviruses use this kind of membrane, which is a lipid bilayer so it is susceptible to hand w____________.

9.  Why do we get symptoms of illness when a virus infects our cells?  There should be several answers to this, found on page 335.

10.  How does a vaccine work, briefly.

11. Why don't antibiotics work on viruses?

12.  From page 337, explain three ways "new" viruses emerge.

13.  Some viruses are known to cause c_________.

14.  A plant virus can be spread to an individual plant through environmental, external factors (______________ transmission) or from the parent plant (______________ transmission).

15.  A v______ is an infecting molecule, just a bit of RNA that infects.  A p_________ is an infecting p_________.  S_________ and m________ cow disease are caused by these proteins.

Day 54, pages 328 to 331

Read this article about COVI-19 proteins. 

TMV (5)

viruses (9)

virus development (10)

Quiz, pp. 328 to 331

1.  Read pp. 328 -- 329, "Researchers discovered viruses by studying a plant disease."

How did scientists decide TMV was contagious, and how did they know there were very small pathogens involved?

2.  Viruses are not c____;  they are i____________ particles consisting of n________ acid enclosed in a p__________ coat and, in some cases, a m________________ envelope.

3.  What are the two major genetic categories of viruses?

4.  What is the protein shell that encloses a virus's genome called?

5.  What are viruses that attack bacteria called?

6.  Sketch the four types of viruses showcased on page 330, figure 18.2;  label each one.

7.  Name some things a cell (like a bacteria cell) can do that a virus can't.

8.  Name some structures that a cell (like a bacteria cell) has that a virus doesn't.

9.  Viruses can only r_________________ within a  h_________ cell.

10.  The proteins on the outside of a virus are like a key that has to fit into the lock on the surface of a host cell;  what feature of viral infection does this result in?

11.  Within a host animal a virus usually can only infect a specific type of t____________ (s).  This is why different viral infections result in different s____________.

12.  If you take tobacco mosaic viruses and separate the RNA guts from the outer casing, then you mix the bits back up again, what will happen?