Day 53, pp. 313 to 324; this will probably need two days

 A decent amount of this chapter will be skipped, it's very technical and some is a repeat of what we've done before.  From this point out on the genetics we will be doing one chapter every day to three days, there's just too much this year to get hung up on early chapters just because they happen to come first.  We have pp. 269 to 509 and then pp. 545 to 1247.  That's 942 pages over the course of 172 days, assuming we want to spread it over the whole year, which we don't, we have an astronomy section first and a senior who wants to get a little bit of a break the last month of school like her public school peers get to have.  So that's 5 pages a day, but if we cut the chapters so we're doing 15 to 30 pages a day that will give us the right balance, and we can also focus in more on the stuff they're interested in.

So, protein synthesis.

Protein synthesis, try to focus! (9)

protein synthesis (5)

this is actually more than you need to know right now, but it reminds you of the basics and then shows you it gets more and more complex (5)

wobble (2)

protein synthesis (5)

signal peptide (1)

mutations, let's try Khan (5)

mutations (7)

mutations (8)

Quiz, pp. 313 -- 324

Define the following, draw a picture of the ones with an asterisk (*).  Use the glossary if you want to.

1.  transfer RNA (tRNA)*

2.  wobble

3.  ribosome

4.  polypeptide

5.  Draw (a) and (b) with labels from figure 17.20

6.  signal peptide

7.  point mutations

8.  base-pair substitution

9.  missense mutations

10.  nonsense mutations

11.  frameshift mutations

12.  mutagens

Day 52, pp. 303 to 313

 

Process (7)

animation (3)

protein (7)

protein synthesis (9)

Quiz, pp. 303 -- 313

We'll only use the summary part of the text and a bit more, won't get into all the complexities.

1.  A gene codes for a poly___________;  pro_______s like en_______ are made up of polypeptides.  This is how genes code to build organisms in a certain way, creating a phenotype from the genotype.

2.  T_______________ and t____________________ are the two main processes linking gene to protein.

3.  Essentially, g______ provide the instructions for making certain p______________.

4.  Transcription is the synthesis of ____________ under the direction of __________.  The type of RNA molecule that carries the genetic message from the DNA is called ___RNA.  

5.  Translation is the actual synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of ___________.

E.C. Which new type of vaccine works by injecting mRNA directly into the cells of a human so that the mRNA is translated into polypeptides, constructing the "spike protein" on the crown or corona part of the virus it protects against?

Copy figure 17.3

Day 51, pp. 294 -- 302

 DNA repair (6)

polymerase, helicase, histones, nucleosomes, chromatin, chromasomes (probably a repeat) (6)

polymerase (2)

lagging and leading strands (2)

telomeres (6)

Quiz, pp. 294 -- 302

1.  Sketch and explain 16.10.

2.  What does anti-parallel mean?

3.  What is a leading strand?

4.  What is a lagging strand?

5.  What does DNA ligase do?

6.  What is a helicase?

7.  After replication, enzymes check the new DNA and f___ mistakes.

8.  What do telomeres do?

Day 50, pp. 287 -- 293

 DNA (7)

Griffith (2)

Hershey and Chase (5)

bacteriophage (3)

DNA replication (10)

DNA replication (3)

Quiz, pp. 287 -- 293

1.  When Griffith and Avery mixed dead bacteria with live bacteria of a related strain the live bacteria brought in something that then expressed itself.  Did it bring in proteins or nucleic acids?

2.  What is a bacteriophage?  Sketch one.

3.  Look at figures 16.1 and 16.2, understanding them.

4.  What shape does DNA take in cells?

5.  What are the four nucleic acid bases and how do they pair?

6.  Sketch DNA replication, using figure 16.7.

Day 49, pp. 269 -- 286

sex-linked traits (7)

linked genes, very long, try to really focus because it will teach a lot you will be able to use in other classes (18)

recombination (3)

trisomy (3)

trisomy (3)

Barr body (5)

mosaicism (4)

mosaic Down (3)

Quiz, pp. 269 -- 286

1.  What is Drosophilia melanogaster and why is it used in gene research?

2.What are genes located on sex chromosomes called?

3.  What are genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together called?

4.  What do you call the production of offspring with a new combination of traits inherited from two parents?

5.  What genetically determines sex in a new human?

Day 48, pp. 260 to 266, Mendel and Humans

 

genetic disorders (4)

sickle cell (2)

sickle cell (8)

cystic fibrosis (2)

tay-sachs (4)

Huntington's (2)

PKU (2)

Quiz, pp. 260 -- 266

1.  If W is the symbol for the trait of a widow's peak, and the trait is due to a dominant allele, what do we know about the parents if at least one of their children does not have a widow's peak?

2.  If we use F as the symbol for an attached earlobe, which is a recessive trait, which allele combination would someone have to have in order to display the phenotype of an attached earlobe?

3.  Cystic fibrosis and many other medical conditions are genetic disorders inherited as r____________ traits.  

4.  If an offspring has a dangerous medical condition caused by recessive traits (that we'll symbolize with A), to simplify, the parents must be both either Aa (and not have the disease themselves) or aa (and have the disease themselves).  Why?

5.  In the case above with a serious medical condition like cystic fibrosis, the parents are likely to have a genotype of Aa.  Why?

6.  In the case above, why is a parent with an Aa genotype called carriers?

7.  Why is Huntington's disease still passed on to children even if the parent has it and eventually dies from it?  What is different about Huntington's that makes it able to pass to the next generation even though its allele is dominant?

8.  Genetic screening can detect if a parent is a c__________, if a fetus has a genetic disorder, or if a newborn does. 

9.  Fetal screening can either be a____________, which tests the a_________ fluid;  or CVS, which tests f______ cells.  If a fetus is found to have a genetic disorder, parents can prepare for the situation or the mother can choose to a___________ the fetus.

10.  Newborn screening, like the one that tests for P_____, is done after birth and the child is treated when possible.  Mental retardation from PKU can be prevented with a special diet.

Day 47, pages 247 -- 260, brief Mendel

 Mendel is so complex, we're going to bounce through this section and just make sure we touch on some vocabulary.  Anyone using this site, if that happens, might flesh it out if they want more.

We're back to the genetics section, which we'll follow through without another skip, then we'll return to plants.

Quiz, pp. 247 -- 260

Copy the definition of these words from the book or the glossary, if you can put it in your own words that would be best.

1.  character

2.  trait

3.  true-breeding

4.  hybridization

5.  allele

6.  dominant allele

7.  recessive allele

8.  Mendel's law of segregation (extra credit)

9.  homozygous

10.  heterozygous

11.  phenotype

12.  genotype

13.  monohybrids

14.  dihybrids

15.  Mendel's law of independent assortment (extra credit)

16.  pleiotropy

17.  epistasis

Day 46, pp. 567 to 572

 amoeba (3)

amoeba (2)

heliozoans (3) (not an amoeba, not a death star. . . .)

slime mold (3)

slime mold (3)

Next, back to genetics.

Quiz, pp. 567 -- 572

1.  What are pseudopodia? (you can use glossary if you want)

2.  What's another name for rhizopods?

3.  How many cells does an amoeba have?

4.  Are slime molds fungi?

Day 45, pp. 556 --567,

red tide (2) 

red tide (2)

red tide (6)

glowing dinoflagellates (6)

malaria we've done already

plasmodium (2)

stentor ciliate (2)

stentor cilia (3)

paramecium ciliate (3)

oomycotes (4)

diatoms (8) -- start at the two minute mark to skip the credits (sorry, creators, we are short on time!)

golden algae (2)

algae (3)

brown algae (6)

red algae (2)

lichen (4)

ulva (2)

volvox (4)

volvox (1)

Quiz, pp. 556-567

1.  Alveolata are protists that include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates;  what is the function of the cavity under the cell surface?

2.  Dinoflagellates have an "armor" that gives them a shape and flagella that make them do what?

3.  Dinoflagellates float in large numbers on the ocean surface and can cause "red tides" on coasts, can put off in blooms toxins that kill animals they then eat, or can be bioluminescent.  What would that look like?

4.  Plasmodium is the sporozoite parasite that causes what?

5.  How do plasmodium parasites avoid being destroyed by the immune system?  Which other disease is this like?

6.  Which are longer, flagellum or cilia?  

7.  Ciliates have two types of what?

8.  In the stramenopila, most have two types of flagellum, one with and one without what?

9.  Water molds are in some ways like fungi, but instead of chitin they have c____________, like plants.

10.  What does oomycota mean?

11.  What are the walls of diatoms made of?

12.  What is diatomaceous earth made of?

13.  Name four kinds of algae.

Day 44, pp. 555 to 556, Diplomonadida, Parabasala, Euglenozoa -- long one

 For this section on protists, which are simple and varied eukaryotic organisms, keep an eye on the phylogeny charts.

Look at figure 28.7, with bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

Now we're going to "zoom in" on the eukaryote part.

Look at figure 28.8.  At the bottom, you see this is the branch with all the eukaryotes.  At the top are a lot of different kinds of eukaryotes that we'll study now, and then also plants, fungi, and animals, which we'll study later.

Look to the far left, you will see the category "diplomonadida" and the category "parabasala".  At the top of page 555, you "zoom in" on those two.  For each section and kind of protist, we zoom in on a new branch of eukaryotes.

Evolution of eukaryotes (13)

Protist Diversity (6)

Phylogeny (8)

Diplomonads (2)

Giardia (2)

Giardia (5)

parabasalids (5)

euglenoids (2)

chagas (3)

sleeping sickness (4)

sleeping sickness (3)

Quiz, pp. 555 to 559:

1.  Diplomonadida and parabasala are protistan groups that lack m____________ .  We now think they l_______ them.

2.  Giardia is a kind of diplomonadida parasite that people and animals swallow in the c________ form in water, it causes severe diarrhea.  

3.  Trichomonas vaginalis uses an undulating membrane and f__________ to move along the skin of tissue it has infected.

4.  Euglenoids can be photosynthetic (getting energy from l_______) or heterotrophic.  Copy the definition of heterotroph here, using the glossary at the end of the book.

5.  Sketch simply euglena from figure 28.3

6.  The kinetoplastids include Trypanosoma, which is carried by the t_______ f_________ and causes s________ sickness.  Sketch a Trypaosoma organism from figure 28.11.

7.  How does the sleeping sickness protist avoid being killed off by the human body?

Day 43, Chapter 28, pp. 548 -- 554, Eukaryotic Origins and Diversification

 Endosymbiotic theory (6 minutes)

More endosymbiotic theory (10 minutes)

endomembrane system (4 minutes)

Quiz, pp. 548 -- 554

1.  List the cellular structures and processes that eukaryotic cells developed when protists evolved.

2.  Are prokaryotic cells bigger or smaller than eukaryotic cells, generally?

3.  Do protists have eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

4.  Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokarytic?

5.  What is an organelle?

6.  Which eukaryotic organelles probably began as endosymbionts?

7.  Look at the two figures on pages 552 and 553.  They represent two hypotheses for how the kingdoms of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes developed.  They differ because in the older hypothesis it was posited that all three branches evolved from a c____________ a______________, while in the newer hypothesis they settled into the three categories after developing from a common c____________ of cells.  Also, the second hypothesis makes heavy use of the idea of t_____________ of g___________ to create diversity.  Darwinian evolution still applies, but the process is more complex than we thought.

Starting New Year

 Here's the dividing line where we do the rest in the second year.