insects -- pick at least two videos from these guys to watch
Quiz, pp. 662 -- 677
Copy table 33.5, page 664
Copy the order and example from table 33.6, pages 668 to 669
Copy the Category, Phyla, and the little pictures (keep them in the right place) for table 33.7, page 675
Choanoflagellates (closest to animals)
Radiata (grade, not phyla, with bilaterata)
Ctenophora (comb jellies)
another (planaria)
Lophophorates, brachiopods (lampshells, not bivalves)
Quiz, pp. 646 -- 661
Draw a representative picture of each of these phyla of invertebrates:
Porifera
Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Molusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Quiz, pp. 633 -- 645
1. List five characteristics of animals from the list on pages 633/634.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Copy chart 32.8, page 640
If you are interested in the debates and developments in thinking about the Cambrian explosion, read pp. 643 -- 644
No quiz, reviewing the categories of land plants, broad review.
Bryophytes (7)
Gymnosperms (6)
Angiosperms (5)
Jumping back ahead now past the chapters we've already done, and it's a straight shot from here. Some days will cover a whole chapter, or even two. The default in schools and home school is that if you have a 1200 page book and you don't get to 200 pages it's always the last 200. That doesn't really make sense, it's just hard to avoid. But we're going to try.
Land plants (2)
plant evolution (9)
algae (6)
Bozeman (9)
Quiz, pp. 575 -- 584
1. Copy chart, page 577, memorize.
2. Define and give an example of:
bryophytes
pteridophytes
gymnosperms
angiosperms
3. What are charophyceans, and why do they matter in the evolution of plant life?
Keep in mind the idea of alternation of generations in some plants, we'll go into it more later.
plate tectonics (3)
fossil record (8)
mass extinctions (5)
dating (4)
Quiz, pp. 484 -- 504
1. Define:
the fossil record
plate tectonics
continental drift
clade
2. Explain how a fossil normally forms.
EC Name two kinds of fossils
3. Copy chart page 487.
4. Explain radiometric dating (carbon dating).
5. Explain the concept of a mass extinction.
6. Copy chart page 493.
Lots of detail in this chapter, goes beyond the standard explanation of plain Darwinian evolutionary theory and discusses new avenues and revisions, along with gene research to inform it.
evo devo (parent review)
Quiz, pp. 464 -- 484
Define:
evo-devo
species
macroevolution
Variation (4)
speciation (12)
Diploid and haploid review (9)
Sexual dimorphism (18, you don't have to watch it all) (parent review, skip about 12 to 14 + minutes if you want to avoid the human stuff)
Another (10 minutes), optional
Quiz, pp. 453 -- 461
1. Define and give an example:
nonheritable difference within a population
polymorphism
cline
mutation
2. Are most mutations beneficial or harmful to the organism they show up in?
EC Evolutionary theory has adapted over the decades to posit that drift is a major component of evolutionary change, and mutation less important than we thought. Give me a reason why scientists might have refined the theory in this way.
3. Most eukaryotic cells are diploid; this means that in sexual recombination the r_________ and d_______ alleles can provide variation.
4. The effect of selection can be d______________, d_____________ or s__________________.
5. Sexual dimorphism is a distinction in appearance due to secondary sexual characteristics. It can lead to intrasexual selection, where an individual wins a competition with another organism of the same sex (e.g. antler battles) ; or it can lead to in_________ selection, where members of one sex choose the winner from the other (normally the f_________ organism selects a m______ mate for reproduction).
6. Evolution is a process, not a person; it doesn't "choose" winners and losers, organisms in a population survive in their niche to reproduce according to its rules. It can only work upon t________ that arise, can only play the hand its dealt.
Hardy-Weinberg (6 minutes)
Genetic Drift (5 minutes)
Good modern synthesis summary to read
This is interesting to watch a bit of, it includes on the panel David Gelerenter who wrote Mirror Worlds, which we read part of. Demonstrates the assertion in the book that theory needs constant challenge. Modern Synthesis is a result of this kind of inquiry. Speakers are associated with genetic design, if you find that problematic. Extra
The structure of scientific revolution, by Kuhn, on the process (4 minutes)
And this one (3 minutes)
Quiz, pp. 445 -- 452
1. It's very important to remember that individual organism do not evolve in their lifetimes. Explain what that means and why it is essential to understand.
2. Define these (use the glossary):
population genetics
modern synthesis
population
gene pool
3. Is the modern synthesis a definite and completed scientific fact? Why or why not?
4. Does random fertilization and the shuffling of alleles due to meiosis change the overall gene pool in a population? Why or why not?
5. N__________ s__________ requires genetic v____________; it cannot act in a g___________ly uniform p____________.
6. Hardy-Weinberg is fairly simple -- you won't see Darwinian e____________ in a p_____________ unless there is some force acting on it, like a source of mutation, intentional selective mating (like with dog breeds), or a lack of environmental pressures on survival in the niche.
7. A generation to generation change in a population's allele frequencies is called m_______________________. It can happen for one trait and not another.
8. What are the two main causes of microevolution?
9. What is genetic drift due to a drastic (and often sudden) reduction in population size called? It effects evolution because a number of alleles can be suddenly drastically underrepresented.
10. What is genetic drift that happens when a few individuals from a larger population colonize an isolated environmental niche called? Obviously, this reduces the frequency of alleles in the new population as it's made up of only a few individuals and their genetic pool.
11. A population might also gain or lose alleles due to g____ f_________, individuals coming into the population; or there may be new alleles due to a m_____________ in an individual.
Lamarck (4)
Wallace (5)
Quiz, pp. 428 -- 444
1. Discuss the differences between Lamarckian evolutionary theory and Darwinian evolutionary theory.
2. What was the name of Darwin's ship and where did it sail? Which islands did he use as a base for studying variations in species? Which animal was his main subject of study, and which features did he use to demonstrate his thinking?
3. Your book spends several paragraphs defending Darwin against the claim that his ideas came from Alfred Wallace. Look into that story if you'd like.
4. The text briefly references Malthus and his late 18th century predictions that overpopulation would cause repeated and increasingly severe catastrophes like famine, which would naturally reduce population but cause great suffering in the process. If you want some good information on how those predictions have played out over the last two centuries, look at the Our World in Data page on famine. It also gives some good information to help us address hunger and scarcity today.
https://ourworldindata.org/famines
5. Define:
a. natural selection
b. homology
c. homologous structures
d. vestigial organs (give examples)
e. embrylogical homologies
f. molecular homologies
g. biogeography
h. endemic
morphogenesis (5)
model organisms, excellent (7)
Quiz, pp. 403 -- 423
1. Give an example of cell differentiation.
2. Define morphogenesis.
3. Name several model organisms that researchers like to use.
4. Define stem cell and pluripotent.
DNA cloning, mapping, and modifying -- no quiz, go over this chapter more thoroughly if you have an interest in a career in genetics
DNA cloning (5)
DNA sequencing (5)
GMO (2)
modifications (5)
Chapter 19 discusses genetic transfers in eukaryotes, after discussing it in viruses and bacteria. It's useful stuff if you want to get into it, but mostly drastically more detailed discussion of what's been covered already. I'm skipping that part, but try to keep in mind that the processes are very complex -- essentially, try to know what you don't know.
This is long and complex, but it shows you a lot (12)
shorter version (4)
cancer (12)
Quiz, pp. 368 -- 372
1. Mutations that alter genes that regulate cell g____ ad d__________ in s___________ cells can lead to cancer. What are somatic cells, again?
2. Can this kind of cancer-causing gene alteration be due to a random mutation?
3. Name three things that are likely to trigger a mutation that leads to cancer.
4. Mutations might create a genetic fault that makes the cells divide or grow more (often creating tumors), or they might create a fault in the genes that are supposed to limit growth -- t___-s_______ genes.
5. Carefully red the section on page 369 titled "Cancer results from genetic changes that affect the cell cycle".
6. (371) Full cancer often happens only after about 6 m____________; often you need a m________ that provokes growth along with a m_____________ blocks t_________ suppression, and then also a m_________ that affects telomerase (remember the caps on the ends of chromosomes that get shorter and shorter over time, with each division, so that the number of times a cell line can divide is limited).
7. How does the idea that you need many mutations to have full cancer explain why cancer "runs in the family" for some people?
Quiz questions end on page 347, but if you have an interest finish the chapter, it's very detailed but has a lot of interesting info.
Bacterial cell gene transfer (6)
again (6)
plasmids (6)
resistance (2)
lab work (3)
insulin (4)
again (3)
feedback and bacterial metabolism (3)
Quiz, pp. 341 -- 351
1. New bacterial strains are created through different forms of r_______________.
2. Define transformation.
3. What outside factor is part of transduction in bacteria?
4. Define conjugation in bacteria.
5. (p. 343) Plasmids don't carry genetic material that is essential for the bacterium's survival, they carry small amounts of material that confer a survival a______________.
6. R plasmids carry genetic information that helps bacteria resist a_________________.
7. (347) Bacteria can adjust their m_________________ to fit their environment, like manufacturing chemicals if they aren't available but then ending manufacture if they can acquire the chemical.
Bacterial chromosome (1)
binary fission (2)
Quiz, pp. 340 -- 340
1. What shape is bacterial DNA
2. Bacteria have about ____ times as much DNA as a virus; eukaryotic cells have about ________ times more DNA than a bacterium.
3. Do bacteria have a membrane-bound nucleus? Why not?
4. What are the little bits of DNA in bacteria off by themselves called?
5. When reproducing, bacteria replicate their DNA and then reproduce through b________ f_________.
6. If e. coli can reproduce so that a single cell results in 10^8 bacteria overnight, how many bacteria is that?
7. Is binary fission sexual or asexual reproduction? What does that mean, and what are the consequences for genetic variation?
host range (4 minutes)
virus entering cell (2 minutes)
Lots in this one (10 minutes)
Zika virus and tissues (3 minutes)
mRNA vaccines (5)
interesting (5)
also (3)
virus DNA (11)
virions (3)
prions (9)
Quiz, pp. 330 -- 339
1. What does it mean that a virus is an "obligate intracellular parasite"?
2. Are there some viruses with a host range of only one?
3. Are there some viruses with a host range of more than one?
4. How does a virus identify a host cell?
5. Viruses of eukaryotes are usually t___________ specific.
6. Some viruses are ___NA and some are __NA.
7. A virulent phage uses the l_______ cycle, which destroys the cell; a l________ cycle doesn't destroy the cell.
8. Some viruses build a membrane around themselves using the membranes of the cells they invade, which tricks the cell into letting them in. Coronaviruses use this kind of membrane, which is a lipid bilayer so it is susceptible to hand w____________.
9. Why do we get symptoms of illness when a virus infects our cells? There should be several answers to this, found on page 335.
10. How does a vaccine work, briefly.
11. Why don't antibiotics work on viruses?
12. From page 337, explain three ways "new" viruses emerge.
13. Some viruses are known to cause c_________.
14. A plant virus can be spread to an individual plant through environmental, external factors (______________ transmission) or from the parent plant (______________ transmission).
15. A v______ is an infecting molecule, just a bit of RNA that infects. A p_________ is an infecting p_________. S_________ and m________ cow disease are caused by these proteins.
Read this article about COVI-19 proteins.
TMV (5)
viruses (9)
virus development (10)
Quiz, pp. 328 to 331
1. Read pp. 328 -- 329, "Researchers discovered viruses by studying a plant disease."
How did scientists decide TMV was contagious, and how did they know there were very small pathogens involved?
2. Viruses are not c____; they are i____________ particles consisting of n________ acid enclosed in a p__________ coat and, in some cases, a m________________ envelope.
3. What are the two major genetic categories of viruses?
4. What is the protein shell that encloses a virus's genome called?
5. What are viruses that attack bacteria called?
6. Sketch the four types of viruses showcased on page 330, figure 18.2; label each one.
7. Name some things a cell (like a bacteria cell) can do that a virus can't.
8. Name some structures that a cell (like a bacteria cell) has that a virus doesn't.
9. Viruses can only r_________________ within a h_________ cell.
10. The proteins on the outside of a virus are like a key that has to fit into the lock on the surface of a host cell; what feature of viral infection does this result in?
11. Within a host animal a virus usually can only infect a specific type of t____________ (s). This is why different viral infections result in different s____________.
12. If you take tobacco mosaic viruses and separate the RNA guts from the outer casing, then you mix the bits back up again, what will happen?
A decent amount of this chapter will be skipped, it's very technical and some is a repeat of what we've done before. From this point out on the genetics we will be doing one chapter every day to three days, there's just too much this year to get hung up on early chapters just because they happen to come first. We have pp. 269 to 509 and then pp. 545 to 1247. That's 942 pages over the course of 172 days, assuming we want to spread it over the whole year, which we don't, we have an astronomy section first and a senior who wants to get a little bit of a break the last month of school like her public school peers get to have. So that's 5 pages a day, but if we cut the chapters so we're doing 15 to 30 pages a day that will give us the right balance, and we can also focus in more on the stuff they're interested in.
So, protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis, try to focus! (9)
this is actually more than you need to know right now, but it reminds you of the basics and then shows you it gets more and more complex (5)
wobble (2)
signal peptide (1)
mutations, let's try Khan (5)
mutations (7)
mutations (8)
Quiz, pp. 313 -- 324
Define the following, draw a picture of the ones with an asterisk (*). Use the glossary if you want to.
1. transfer RNA (tRNA)*
2. wobble
3. ribosome
4. polypeptide
5. Draw (a) and (b) with labels from figure 17.20
6. signal peptide
7. point mutations
8. base-pair substitution
9. missense mutations
10. nonsense mutations
11. frameshift mutations
12. mutagens
Process (7)
animation (3)
protein (7)
Quiz, pp. 303 -- 313
We'll only use the summary part of the text and a bit more, won't get into all the complexities.
1. A gene codes for a poly___________; pro_______s like en_______ are made up of polypeptides. This is how genes code to build organisms in a certain way, creating a phenotype from the genotype.
2. T_______________ and t____________________ are the two main processes linking gene to protein.
3. Essentially, g______ provide the instructions for making certain p______________.
4. Transcription is the synthesis of ____________ under the direction of __________. The type of RNA molecule that carries the genetic message from the DNA is called ___RNA.
5. Translation is the actual synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of ___________.
E.C. Which new type of vaccine works by injecting mRNA directly into the cells of a human so that the mRNA is translated into polypeptides, constructing the "spike protein" on the crown or corona part of the virus it protects against?
Copy figure 17.3
DNA repair (6)
polymerase, helicase, histones, nucleosomes, chromatin, chromasomes (probably a repeat) (6)
polymerase (2)
lagging and leading strands (2)
telomeres (6)
Quiz, pp. 294 -- 302
1. Sketch and explain 16.10.
2. What does anti-parallel mean?
3. What is a leading strand?
4. What is a lagging strand?
5. What does DNA ligase do?
6. What is a helicase?
7. After replication, enzymes check the new DNA and f___ mistakes.
8. What do telomeres do?
DNA (7)
Griffith (2)
bacteriophage (3)
DNA replication (10)
DNA replication (3)
Quiz, pp. 287 -- 293
1. When Griffith and Avery mixed dead bacteria with live bacteria of a related strain the live bacteria brought in something that then expressed itself. Did it bring in proteins or nucleic acids?
2. What is a bacteriophage? Sketch one.
3. Look at figures 16.1 and 16.2, understanding them.
4. What shape does DNA take in cells?
5. What are the four nucleic acid bases and how do they pair?
6. Sketch DNA replication, using figure 16.7.
recombination (3)
trisomy (3)
trisomy (3)
Barr body (5)
mosaicism (4)
mosaic Down (3)
Quiz, pp. 269 -- 286
1. What is Drosophilia melanogaster and why is it used in gene research?
2.What are genes located on sex chromosomes called?
3. What are genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together called?
4. What do you call the production of offspring with a new combination of traits inherited from two parents?
5. What genetically determines sex in a new human?
sickle cell (2)
sickle cell (8)
cystic fibrosis (2)
tay-sachs (4)
Huntington's (2)
PKU (2)
Quiz, pp. 260 -- 266
1. If W is the symbol for the trait of a widow's peak, and the trait is due to a dominant allele, what do we know about the parents if at least one of their children does not have a widow's peak?
2. If we use F as the symbol for an attached earlobe, which is a recessive trait, which allele combination would someone have to have in order to display the phenotype of an attached earlobe?
3. Cystic fibrosis and many other medical conditions are genetic disorders inherited as r____________ traits.
4. If an offspring has a dangerous medical condition caused by recessive traits (that we'll symbolize with A), to simplify, the parents must be both either Aa (and not have the disease themselves) or aa (and have the disease themselves). Why?
5. In the case above with a serious medical condition like cystic fibrosis, the parents are likely to have a genotype of Aa. Why?
6. In the case above, why is a parent with an Aa genotype called carriers?
7. Why is Huntington's disease still passed on to children even if the parent has it and eventually dies from it? What is different about Huntington's that makes it able to pass to the next generation even though its allele is dominant?
8. Genetic screening can detect if a parent is a c__________, if a fetus has a genetic disorder, or if a newborn does.
9. Fetal screening can either be a____________, which tests the a_________ fluid; or CVS, which tests f______ cells. If a fetus is found to have a genetic disorder, parents can prepare for the situation or the mother can choose to a___________ the fetus.
10. Newborn screening, like the one that tests for P_____, is done after birth and the child is treated when possible. Mental retardation from PKU can be prevented with a special diet.
Mendel is so complex, we're going to bounce through this section and just make sure we touch on some vocabulary. Anyone using this site, if that happens, might flesh it out if they want more.
We're back to the genetics section, which we'll follow through without another skip, then we'll return to plants.
Quiz, pp. 247 -- 260
Copy the definition of these words from the book or the glossary, if you can put it in your own words that would be best.
1. character
2. trait
3. true-breeding
4. hybridization
5. allele
6. dominant allele
7. recessive allele
8. Mendel's law of segregation (extra credit)
9. homozygous
10. heterozygous
11. phenotype
12. genotype
13. monohybrids
14. dihybrids
15. Mendel's law of independent assortment (extra credit)
16. pleiotropy
17. epistasis
amoeba (3)
amoeba (2)
heliozoans (3) (not an amoeba, not a death star. . . .)
slime mold (3)
slime mold (3)
Next, back to genetics.
Quiz, pp. 567 -- 572
1. What are pseudopodia? (you can use glossary if you want)
2. What's another name for rhizopods?
3. How many cells does an amoeba have?
4. Are slime molds fungi?
red tide (2)
red tide (2)
red tide (6)
malaria we've done already
plasmodium (2)
stentor ciliate (2)
stentor cilia (3)
oomycotes (4)
diatoms (8) -- start at the two minute mark to skip the credits (sorry, creators, we are short on time!)
golden algae (2)
algae (3)
brown algae (6)
red algae (2)
lichen (4)
ulva (2)
volvox (4)
volvox (1)
Quiz, pp. 556-567
1. Alveolata are protists that include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates; what is the function of the cavity under the cell surface?
2. Dinoflagellates have an "armor" that gives them a shape and flagella that make them do what?
3. Dinoflagellates float in large numbers on the ocean surface and can cause "red tides" on coasts, can put off in blooms toxins that kill animals they then eat, or can be bioluminescent. What would that look like?
4. Plasmodium is the sporozoite parasite that causes what?
5. How do plasmodium parasites avoid being destroyed by the immune system? Which other disease is this like?
6. Which are longer, flagellum or cilia?
7. Ciliates have two types of what?
8. In the stramenopila, most have two types of flagellum, one with and one without what?
9. Water molds are in some ways like fungi, but instead of chitin they have c____________, like plants.
10. What does oomycota mean?
11. What are the walls of diatoms made of?
12. What is diatomaceous earth made of?
13. Name four kinds of algae.
For this section on protists, which are simple and varied eukaryotic organisms, keep an eye on the phylogeny charts.
Look at figure 28.7, with bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.
Now we're going to "zoom in" on the eukaryote part.
Look at figure 28.8. At the bottom, you see this is the branch with all the eukaryotes. At the top are a lot of different kinds of eukaryotes that we'll study now, and then also plants, fungi, and animals, which we'll study later.
Look to the far left, you will see the category "diplomonadida" and the category "parabasala". At the top of page 555, you "zoom in" on those two. For each section and kind of protist, we zoom in on a new branch of eukaryotes.
Phylogeny (8)
Diplomonads (2)
Giardia (2)
Giardia (5)
parabasalids (5)
euglenoids (2)
chagas (3)
Quiz, pp. 555 to 559:
1. Diplomonadida and parabasala are protistan groups that lack m____________ . We now think they l_______ them.
2. Giardia is a kind of diplomonadida parasite that people and animals swallow in the c________ form in water, it causes severe diarrhea.
3. Trichomonas vaginalis uses an undulating membrane and f__________ to move along the skin of tissue it has infected.
4. Euglenoids can be photosynthetic (getting energy from l_______) or heterotrophic. Copy the definition of heterotroph here, using the glossary at the end of the book.
5. Sketch simply euglena from figure 28.3
6. The kinetoplastids include Trypanosoma, which is carried by the t_______ f_________ and causes s________ sickness. Sketch a Trypaosoma organism from figure 28.11.
7. How does the sleeping sickness protist avoid being killed off by the human body?
Endosymbiotic theory (6 minutes)
More endosymbiotic theory (10 minutes)
endomembrane system (4 minutes)
Quiz, pp. 548 -- 554
1. List the cellular structures and processes that eukaryotic cells developed when protists evolved.
2. Are prokaryotic cells bigger or smaller than eukaryotic cells, generally?
3. Do protists have eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?
4. Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokarytic?
5. What is an organelle?
6. Which eukaryotic organelles probably began as endosymbionts?
7. Look at the two figures on pages 552 and 553. They represent two hypotheses for how the kingdoms of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes developed. They differ because in the older hypothesis it was posited that all three branches evolved from a c____________ a______________, while in the newer hypothesis they settled into the three categories after developing from a common c____________ of cells. Also, the second hypothesis makes heavy use of the idea of t_____________ of g___________ to create diversity. Darwinian evolution still applies, but the process is more complex than we thought.
Don't confuse protists with prokaryots, protists are eukaryots.
Protists (9 minutes)
Protists (5 minutes)
Protist diversity, long (20 minutes)
Quiz: draw Euglena, page 547 in the book, color and label
Symbiosis (9 minutes)
primary, secondary, opportunistic infections (4 minutes)
Read this thoroughly and remember it is Koch's postulates, a method of determining pathogen infection
bioremediation (2 minutes)
extra and longer video if you want to watch it on bioremediation (12 minutes)
Quiz:
Briefly define:
1. symbiois
2. host
3. mutualism
4. commensalism
5. parasitism
6 What does it mean if a prokaryote is pathogenic?
7. Of endotoxins and exotoxins, which are proteins secreted by the bacteria? Which are chemicals that are part of the bacteria themselves?
agrobacterium (5 minutes)
salmonella (6 minute)
E. coli (5 minutes)
E. coli (3 minutes)
myxobacteria (2 minutes)
myxobacteria (2 minutes)
bdellovibrios (1 minute)
bdellovibrios (1 minute)
bdellovibrios (3 minutes, start at minute 2)
h. pylori (3 minutes)
chlamydia (3 minutes)
lyme spirochetes (3 minutes)
Lyme (5 minutes)
TB (10 minutes) (this has a lot, maybe more than you need right now)
leprosy (4 minutes)
cyanobacteria (3 minutes)
Quiz:
1. Using the Campbell-Reece text page 536:
a. What are the three domains?
b. What are the groups under the Domain Bacteria?
c. What are the groups under the Domain Arhaea?
autotrophs and heterotrophs (7 minutes)
frog decline (3 minutes)
more on that (4 minutes)
saprotrophs (2 minutes)
nitrogen fixation (4 minutes)
aerobic and anaerobic (11 minutes)
extremophiles, archaea (7 minutes)
Quiz:
1. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph -- and give a couple examples of each.
2. Why are peas, beans, and legumes in general important for all life?
3. Explain the variations with oxygen use in biology, about one paragraph.
4. What are methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles?
Transformation, Conjugation, transduction, transposition, pretty complex (4 minutes)
bacteria, amoeba sisters (9 minutes)
endospores (4 minutes)
endospores (4 minutes)
antibiotics (4 minutes), very good
resistance (5 minutes)
antibiotics in nature (5 minutes)
Quiz
1. Draw a little, appropriate picture for each
a. transformation
b. conjugation
c. transduction
2. What does sporulation protect against, and what does it create (one word)?
3. Explain different ways antibiotics work.
epigenetics (extra)
So, we've jumping forward again to get out of microbiology and genetics. Will go back to genetics after this chapter. Skipping back and forth because there is so much with genetics and DNA that you can get lost in it all and start mixing things up.
Prokaryotes -- archaea and bacteria (you may have watched this already)
prokaryotic cell walls and gram negative and positive
bacteria motion and flagella and chemotaxis
spirochete (includes syphilis picture)
Quiz:
1. Use these sources to draw and label bacteria shapes; look up the diseases caused by the bacteria in the first source.
complex plasmid video, how we make insulin
2. What are the two domains that contain prokaryotes? Which domain does not?
3. Which have a thicker cell wall, gram positive or gram negative bacteria? How do you tell which is which?
4. Prokaryotes don't have a true n_________ enclosed with a n________ membrane.